The Raven By Edgar Allan Poe Essay - 1073 Words

The poem I selected is â€Å"The Raven† written by popular American writer, Edgar Allan Poe. I chose this poem because of previous memories of reading several of Edgar Allan Poe’s writings. I remember in 8th grade when my teacher introduced the whole class to a short story called â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. I loved the poem a lot, I liked how gory, detailed, and interesting it was. It went perfectly for the time of year it was, which was October. Soon after we were done reading the poem, the whole grade went on a class trip, to see live performances of several of Poe’s short stories and poems being performed by actors. It was fun and the actors were very talented and they captured every emotion perfectly. Overall, it was a very good experience. This poem reminds me of The poem that I selected is perfect for the Fall time and Halloween. The poem is very detailed and long and has a eerie, spooky vibe to it. As you read the poem you start imagining what is happening, like a movie. Or a picture book in your head. Summary/ Analysis The poem sets in a town near the woods in the wintertime of December at night. The poem begins with the narrator reading a book at his house and he is about to fall asleep, but is fighting the urge to. He keeps thinking his love Lenore, even though they are no longer together. He hears someone at the door and answers politely and then come outs and finds no one there. He is afraid and scared since he is all alone by himself. He figures outShow MoreRelatedThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe849 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrator of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe experiences this void after the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator is isolated from the world until a raven appears before him. The events and dialogue that follow are what makes The Raven such a legendary piece of literature. The gothic poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is an example of repetition and shift. With the help of repetition and shift, Poe’s use of diction gives the reader clarity to the meaning of the poem. Nevermore, the answer the Raven gives theRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe (the Raven)1496 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poes The Raven Poes The Raven is not only an American classic, its a favorite of high school students around the world, as well as their teachers. That being said, its still poetry and therefore can be difficult to understand. Read this summary to review the contents and get a better understanding. * Stanzas: 1-2 Make everyone in class think youre really smart when you bust out everything youve learned in this summary: Stanza 1:  Its late. The poems speaker is tiredRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1062 Words   |  5 PagesWritten by Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"The Raven† is a famous short poem known for the dark fantasy that it portrays. From the mindset of a first person narrative, one may experience the tale through the eyes of a haunted man who is in mourning for the death of his beloved Lenore. As this man sits in his chamber, within a dark and dreary December night, a â€Å"raven of the saintly days of yore† visits him. The raven is no ordinary bird, for it is like a ghost, silent, yet it answers every inquiry the man presentsRead MoreThe Raven by Edgar Allan Poe1334 Words   |  6 PagesCastro Professor Gary Smith English 1302 10/31/2012 Symbolism in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe was highly criticized throughout his life whether it was for his high achievements or his downfalls; he always seemed to be talked about. Poe was born in January 19, 1809; his mother died shortly after being abandoned by his father leaving him and his brothers’ orphans at an early age. Poe was taken by John and Francis Allan. With the help of his foster parents he was later able to attend the UniversityRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe964 Words   |  4 Pages Essay 1 In the poem â€Å"The Raven†, Edgar Allan Poe expresses a current state of drunkenness, drug use, and depression as existing in a dark and dreary prison like setting, tormented by the memories of a lost love. Poe’s literary career was undoubtedly influenced by the many tragedies he suffered in his life. These misfortunes are evident in the correlation between his characters in his writings and real life events. It is clear that Poe had a problematic life from a young age; he struggled with mentalRead MoreThe Raven, By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesprominent writer of the horror fiction genre would be Edgar Allan Poe, well known for writing The Raven, who would be the most recognizable and most established horror writer. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 and was the middle child of three children. At the age of 3, both of his parents died and was then taken in by a tobacco merchant by the name of John Allan in Richmond, Virginia. John Allan wanted Poe to be a businessman but Edgar was by no means a businessman. By the age of 13Read MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1157 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Raven† is a fictional poem written by Edgar Allan Poe in which the audience witnesses the narrator’s gradual change from a weary scholar to grieving lover. While falling asleep, he suddenly hears a tap at his chamber door. In alarm, the scholar tries to reason with himself and explain away the soft tapping. Eventually, he gains courage, opens the door, and finds it void of anyone. The narrator immediately wonders if it is perhaps his lost love, Lenore waiting for him, yet the only answer toRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe945 Words   |  4 Pageshad to experience hardly any grief in my life. Everyone is different which results in everyone having their own way that they deal with grief. The way that Edgar Allan Poe describes grief and the way that Emily Dickinson describes grief is both different and similar. Poe’s famous poem titled â€Å"The Raven† is a great example of how Edgar Allan Poe writes about grief. The poem is about the grief of the narrator during the loss of the love of his life, Lenore. The narrator’s opening statement in theRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1900 Words   |  8 Pagesall expectations and thoughts on poetry. His name is Edgar Allan Poe. He brought a lot more to the scene than just poetry, and that is what he is well known for. His poetry was more than just writing; they were dark stories that somehow resembled to him in some way. He wrote great works such as, â€Å"Eldorado†, â€Å"A Dream†, and â€Å"Alone.† All of those poems are great, but there is two that stand out far greater than all of them: â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven.† They share a similar story-line, but different popularityRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe Essay2246 Words   |  9 Pagesthat directly connects you to a well-known poem by Edgar Allan Poe. â€Å"The Raven† is a literary work that has gone down in ages as being a timeless classic that transcends your senses as you dive into this sinister tale. Poe had a life of hardships but still was able to prevail in life becoming a great writer writing many poems and stories that are mysterious and prevalent today. â€Å"The Raven† has many displaced factors that make it seem as though Poe is truly referencing his life throughout the work

Nursing Practice Act Free Essays

string(80) " nurse until a person is capable of safely engaging in the practice of nursing\." Nursing Practice Act Being a former nursing student in the state of Pennsylvania I have had the Nursing Practice Act of Pennsylvania. Before this assignment I knew little of the Pennsylvania laws and absolutely none of the state of Florida. Every state has their set of laws, which is referred to the Nursing Practice Act. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Practice Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every nursing student must have a copy. The nursing practice act ensures that anyone practicing does not fall below the minimum competency and does not present danger to the public, and anyone who does will be prohibited from practicing (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. ). Nurses have a legal liability to advocate for patients, and provide safe administration of medications, and provide quality, nursing care to patients without negligence. With this paper I will explain nursing practice, continuing education and it’s requirements, as well as the composition and responsibilities of the state board of nursing. Nursing practice means the performance of those acts requiring substantial specialized knowledge, judgment, and nursing skill based upon applied principles of psychological, biological, physical, and social sciences (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. ). That may sum up nursing but nurses do a lot more. Nurses have a legal liability to advocate for patients, and provide safe admini stration of medications, and provide quality, nursing care to patients without negligence. They educate the ill, injured, and infirmed. Promote wellness, maintenance of health, and prevention of illness of others. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). â€Å"Advanced or specialized nursing practice† means, in addition to the practice of professional nursing, the performance of advanced-level nursing acts approved by the board. Which by virtue of post-basic specialized education, training, and experience are appropriately performed by an advanced registered nurse practitioner. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). Being a Nurse Practitioner is the closest form of nursing to a doctor. They may perform acts of medical diagnosis and treatment, are able to write prescription, and when approved by the joint committee they can preform an operation. The committee consists of two advanced registered nurse practitioners; three members appointed by the board of medicine, and the State Surgeon general of the department or the State Surgeon General’s designee. All of the acts stated above must be performed under the general supervision of a licensed practitioner (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7).. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, p. 7). Once you finally graduate from the nursing program (yay! ) you must take further steps in order to be able to practice. First you need to apply to the department to take your Nclexx. There is an application fee which does not exceed $150. 00, an examination fee set by the board which does not exceed $75. 00, and finally the actual per applicant cost to the department for purchase of the exam from the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. Next you will have to provide sufficient information on or after October 1, 1989, which must be submitted by the department for a statewide criminal records correspondence check through the Department of Law Enforcement. You must be in good mental and physical health, is a recipient of a high school diploma or the equivalent, and has completed the requirements for graduation from an approved program, or its equivalent as determined by the board, for the preparation of registered nurses or licensed practical nurses, whichever is applicable. Courses successfully completed in a professional nursing program, which are at least equivalent to a practical nursing program, may be used to satisfy the education requirements for licensure as a licensed practical nurse. You have be able to communicate in the English language, which may be determined by an examination given by the department. Finally, Each applicant who passes the examination and provides proof of meeting the educational requirements specified in subsection shall, unless denied pursuant to s. 64. 018, be entitled to licensure as a registered professional nurse or a licensed practical nurse, whichever is applicable. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 9). In any field of work there is a code of conduct. If you choose to stray away from the rules it can lead to disciplinary action; denial, suspension, or even revocation of a license. A thing we are seeing a lot of any more is sexual misconduct in the work place. Nurse-patient relationship is founded on mutual trust. Sexual misconduct in the practice of nursing means violation of the nurse-patient relationship through which the nurse uses said relationship to induce or attempt to induce the patient to engage, or to engage or attempt to engage the patient, in sexual activity outside the scope of the practice or the scope of generally accepted examination or treatment of the patient. Sexual misconduct in the practice of nursing is prohibited. The following acts constitute grounds for denial of a license or disciplinary action, as specified in s. 56. 072(2):? Making or filing false reports or records; false, misleading, or deceptive advertising; unprofessional conduct; Engaging or attempting to engage in the possession sale or distribution of controlled substances set forth in chapter 893; Being irresponsible and unable to practice without reasonable skill and safety to patients due to illness or use of alcohol, drugs, narcotics, or chemicals, or any other type of material as a result of any mental or physical condition. Failing to report to the department anyone who the licensee knows is in violation of this part or to the rules of the department or the board, violating while being aware of any provision of the board or the departments or lawful order of the board, or failing to comply with a lawfully issued subpoena of the departments. Failing to report any licensee who the nurse knows has violated the grounds for disciplinary action, failing to meet the standards for acceptable and prevailing nursing practice. The board may deny licensure against any applicant or licensee who is found guilty of violating any provision of subsection 1. The board will not reinstate the license of a nurse until a person is capable of safely engaging in the practice of nursing. You read "Nursing Practice Act" in category "Essay examples" The board shall not reinstate the license of a nurse who has been found guilty by the board on three separate occasions of violations. The board shall by rule establish guidelines for the disposition of disciplinary cases involving specific types of violations. Such guidelines may include minimum and maximum fines, periods of supervision or probation, or conditions of probation or reissuance of a license. Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 14-15). The one thing I love about nursing is all of the advancements and the almost endless continuing education. Continuing education is defined as planned offerings designed to enhance learning and promote the continued development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes consistent with contemporary standards for nursing practice. It is also important for nurses to be up t o date with all of with all of the advancements in the medical field with technology and all of the new medicine the keeps coming out. Each licensed nurse, upon request, has to submit proof satisfactory to the Board of participation in appropriate continuing education. During each two years one contact hour must be earned for each calendar month of the licensure cycle. Any person licensed by examination within a two year period are exempt from the continuing education requirement for those two years; however, this exemption or limitation if you will, will only apply if the license is renewed in a timely manner at the end of the two years and does not apply if the license is suspended, revoked or is inactive at the end of the two years. Any nurse who is also licensed as a practical nurse may satisfy the continuing education requirements for renewal of both licenses by completing appropriate continuing education for a registered nurse. A license is also exempt from continuing education requirements at the time of renewal if the licensee was on active duty with the Armed Forces within six months of the renewal date. However, short periods of duty such as summer of weekend drills do not count. Duty in the U. S. Public Health Service is not considered duty in the Armed Forces. A nurse who is married to a member of the Armed Forces and was caused to be absent from Florida due to the spouses duties can be exempt from continuing education. The licensee must show satisfactory proof of the absence and the spouse’s military states (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 60). The licensee must show satisfactory proof of the absence and the spouse’s military states (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 60). The content of the education shall be specifically designed to meet the objectives and the stated level and learning needs of the participants. The education should reflect the professional educational needs for the learner in order to meet the health care needs of the consumer. All of the offering contact hours will be at least 50 minutes in length or one contact hour. The hours will be awarded for clinical as well as classroom education (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 62). Besides the basic nurse professional continuing education, there are specific areas a nurse is required to have continuing education in such as HIV/AIDS, Domestic Violence, Medical Errors, and End of life (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 65-66). Every nursing school has their own requirements. For instance some use the TEAS entrance exam while others use the NET test or HESI. The nursing program shall have a written plan for the systematic evaluation of the total program and its outcomes for the purpose of determining competency, adequacy and effectiveness. The parent institution has to provide financial and administrative support and resources to the nursing program such as classroom space, labs, and office space. The faculty-student ratio shall be at a maximum ratio of 1:12 in community-based learning experience setting. The nursing program shall admit students to the program based upon the number of faculty, available educational facilities and resources, and the availability of clinical learning experiences for the student. It shall provide written policies for admission, readmission, transfer, advanced placement, promotion, graduation, withdrawal, or dismissal to the student shall be consistent with those for students in the parent institution and acceptable educational standards. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 39). The Board of Nursing is created within the department and shall consist of 13 members to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. Seven members of the board must be registered nurses who are residents of this state and who have been engaged in the practice of professional nursing for at least 4 years, including at least one advanced registered nurse practitioner, one nurse educator member of an approved program, and one nurse executive. These seven board members should be representative of the diverse areas of practice within the nursing profession. In addition, three members of the board must be licensed practical nurses who are residents of this state and who have been actively engaged in the practice of practical nursing for at least 4 years prior to their appointment. The remaining three members must be residents of the state who have never been licensed as nurses and who are in no way connected with the practice of nursing. No person may be appointed as a lay member who is in any way connected with, or has any financial interest in, any health care facility, agency, or insurer. At least one member of the board must be 60 years of age or older. As the terms of the members expire, the Governor shall appoint successors for terms of 4 years, and such members shall serve until their successors are appointed. (Nurse Practice Act, 2007, P. 9). Throughout this paper I have learned so much more than I had expected. The Nursing Practice Act is so important in so many ways. You have to work hard and maintain that hard work throughout a nursing career. Myself as well as the rest of the nursing students will use this book not as coffee table decoration but as a guide for our journey of becoming nurses. Nursing is an art: and if it is to be made an art, it requires as exclusive a devotion, as hard a preparation, as any painter’s or sculptor’s work: for what is the having to do with dead canvas or cold marble, compared with having to do with the living spirit—the temple of God’s spirit? It is one of the Fine Arts; I had almost said, the finest of Fine Arts. † (Nightingale) Reference Page Nurse Practice Act, F. S. 456 (2007) How to cite Nursing Practice Act, Essay examples

Advertising Strategies of Colgate Brand

Question: Write a detailed analysis on how the advertising for the brand has changed over the years, what marketing and advertising strategies the company uses, how the organization takes into account Consumer behavior, trends and attitudes, what the values and beliefs of the brand are and its consumers, how the brand positions itself against its competitors and how this may vary upon country. Answer: Introduction The strategy for advertising is a campaign that can be created to communicate different ideas about the services and products to the target audiences to convince them in buying the services and the products. This strategy is to be developed in intelligent and rational manner as it helps to reflect the business. The key plan behind development of effective advertising strategy is flexible and creative planning that is focused on in-depth knowledge of the target audience. The main reason behind implementing effective advertising strategies are to promote the business awareness of its services and products, increase the sales to attract more customers and competitors and also modify or establish the brand image. This means advertising is all about reminding, persuading and informing the consumers in the market. This report will be highlighting the advertising strategies that the company-Colgate follows to promote its products, will also understand the behaviour of its target customers and their attitudes towards the brand and evaluate the position of the brand compared to its competitors in the market. The brand will be analysed from global perspective. Advertising Strategies of Brand Colgate is softening grounding uniting with buyers up non-customary routes, especially by utilizing the Internet and cell telephones. One of the successful strategies is gained by the prevalent utilization of the expression "Colgate Smile" for any awesome smile. Colgate supports individual, enthusiastic association with their image by welcoming shoppers to share their "Colgate Smiles" through photos, stories and features posted on www.ColgateSmile.com and various person to person communication locales, for example, Facebook and MySpace. To best achieve today's customers, Colgate uses incorporated promoting correspondences that incorporate a blend of customary and new media, and additionally innovative limited time exercises. Case in point, as a component of its exceptionally effective marketing campaign- "Feeding Is Believing". To promote its brand, Colgate mainly uses advertising strategies. Its distinctive products which are intended for diverse sections are focused to the group of onlookers by highlighting its components. Its normal slogan for all products is - "No1 brand recommended by dentist". As such no advancement is done at retail level aside from the suggestion by the businessperson. However in the rural markets Colgate utilizes VAN (van is a versatile advancement station having screen show facilities, slide show and mike reputation). In India, the researchers of Colgate had submerged themselves in the lives of villagers, watching and examining their oral consideration propensities, how they clean their homes and other every day schedules. A key learning was that moms trust in a superior life for their kids through instruction. In view of this knowledge, Colgate executed an exceptional advertising strategy that helped form mindfulness for good oral consideration propensities and offered grants to kids. Another way Colgate interfaces with today's shoppers all inclusive is by using integrated marketing communications that incorporate a mixture of non-traditional and traditional media. The launching of Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste utilized numerous computerized touch focuses, including online media, highlighting the powerful testimonials of the consumer and also web sites for informative products. These activities, consolidated with more promotional events and customary media, are adding to more market share (Colgate, 2011). Colgate educates its clients about its new products and also the item that is being utilized by the clients. Colgate-Palmolive induces and persuades its new and additionally old clients to buy its new products. By using an effective advertising strategies Colgate has succeeded to hold its brand image and customers. By this Colgate unequivocally concentrates on distinctive advertising or promotional methods like sale promotion, publicity, advertis ing, mass selling etc. Colgate has substantiated itself as a sharp onlooker of the business and the way of life all around itself. Colgate has done in the past and as yet doing right now. It is delivering presenting its products extraordinarily for the children. Colgate is extremely famous among youthful children simply due to its ideal advertising strategies. Colgate promotes the kids products by naming the cartoon characters like Barney, Barbie Looney tunes etc (Berger, 2011). Colgate's solid associations with experts have added to making Colgate and Hill's the most suggested brands by dental specialists and veterinarians around the world. Proficient supports fabricate validity for Colgate's brands and drive item trial.In the United States, Colgate's new Oral Health Advisor system is building associations with dental hygienists to further commute proficient suggestions for Colgate items and expand tolerant use. Also, In the United States, Colgate worked together with store anchor Kroger to revamp the oral consideration path. In view of a mixture of customer experiences and client information, Colgate's cross-useful business group worked nearly with the retailer to actualize a more customer well disposed path. Colgate endeavors to advance consciousness of good oral wellbeing all through the world. In Malawi, Colgate collaborated with the Malawi Ministry of Health amid Oral Health Month to help teach youngsters and grown-ups about great oral consideration pr opensities. The battle incorporated an effective broadcast message that advanced solid oral consideration propensities and highlighted the Ministry's backing of Colgate items. The new outline pulled in more customers and expanded class deals. In little rustic shops where space is constrained, Colgate agents work nearly with shop proprietors to accomplish the perfect arrangement of Colgate items with the best perceivability. Unique bundling that serves as a self-show unit, for example, toothbrush allocators and hanging sachets, is only one procedure that gives promoting adaptability to shop proprietors and prevalent perceivability for Colgate items. Giving moment and enduring help from the torment brought on by tooth affectability, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste is driving boundless piece of the overall industry picks up for Colgate in the critical, quickly developing affectability fragment. Inside only a couple of months of its dispatch in Greece, Colgate picked up business initiative in the affectability section surprisingly. In China Colgate's exceptionally proficient toothbrush plant in Sanxiao, China, is expanding the adaptability and limit of the Company's worldwide inventory network. The biggest toothbrush industrial facility on the planet, the new plant creates 1.4 billion brushes every year and holds fast to the most elevated norms of vitality proficiency furthermore, ecological quality (colgate.com, 2010). Consumer Behaviour, Trends and Attitudes Presently, consumers are additional requesting of what they esteem in brand decision priceless and are influenced by a developing exhibit of new influencers. Connecting with to build Colgate Brands means expanded engagement with their buyers, clients, the calling and different influencers with effective incorporated marketing campaigns that exploit online networking sites and digital technologies. They are likewise concentrating on distinguishing more profound, more significant bits of knowledge to build up more grounded associations with the majority of their voting demographics and make a more profound level of duty to their brands. The Net Sales of the company grew to 7.5% and continued growing for 4%. Due to better response of the customers Colgate have rose the advertising expenditure to 5% and market share has grown across many of the core categories. In 2011, developing markets embodied more than a large portion of their worldwide deals have been an essential part of growth strategy of Colgate for quite a while. By focusing effectively and timely, they have developed driving business sector and strong consumer loyalty positions in a number of key categories. Today, these business sectors have vigorous GDP development, a huge populace with low penetration of product and even lower utilization, lower consumers, growth rates and growth categories. The growth strategy of Colgate, in these businesses concentrates on driving utilization. For example, they teach customers about the advantages of good health care of oral and give products to test as samples, for example, "Bright Smiles, Bright Futures". With this worldwide activity, Colgate has come to more than 650 million youngsters, and consistently they cooperate with dental experts and their retail accomplices to support an oral wellbeing month in each of their topographies (Semenik and O'Guinn, 2012). In North-America, in the year 2011, the sales declined by 0.5% and the volume of the unit grew by 2%. The operating profit had reduced by 11%. Brands like Colgate Senstitive Pro-Relief and Colgate Optic White toothpastes and also the re-launching of the Colgate Total toothpaste have contributed towards the oral health care. Similarly in the year 2011 in Latin America, the sales of Colgate had increased by 12% and the unit volume grew by 4.5%. There was decrease in the operating profit of the company by 9%. Additionally, in South Pacific or Europe, the unit volume and sales grew by 5% and 9% respectively in the year 2011. 4% was added by Sanex acquisition to the unit volume and sales. However, the Operating profit declined by 4%. In Africa and Asia, unit volume grew by 6.5% and sales by 9.5%. The acquisition of Sanex added extra 0.5%. The operating profit increased by 5%. In Hills Pet Nutrition, the Veterinary recommendations are high and operating profit was similar to 2010. The sale s have increased by 4.5% (Colgate, 2011). Brand Position Brand Positioning techniques can be considered and grew in a mixture of ways. It is developed from the applications, competition, object attributes and consumer types included, or the attributes of the product class. Every one of these traits speak to an alternate approach in creating situating procedures, despite the fact that every one of them have the regular goal of anticipating an ideal picture in the customers' mind. Colgate mainly uses positioning approach based on its competitors. In this positioning strategy an explicit or implicit reference frame is one or more rivalries. Now and again, reference competitor(s) can be the overwhelming part of the positioning methods of the firm, the firm either utilizes the same of comparative situating procedures as utilized by the contenders or the promoter uses another system taking the contenders' technique as the base. Initially when Colgate entered the market, concentrated on to protection of the family however when Pepsodent went into the business with spotlight on 24 hour security and essentially for children, Colgate transformed its center from family assurance to children teeth assurance. This is positioning strategy based on the strategy of competitor (Hackley, 2005). Other than the Pepsodent direct attack, section of a substantial worldwide player like Oral B has further escalated rivalry in the general toothpaste class. Brands, for example, Paradontax and Sensodyne have come in with forceful advertising procedures and have made little sub-segments for themselves, potentially at the expense of Colgate. Colgate reacted with Colgate Sensitive yet Sensodyne still has a bigger offer of the sensitive toothpaste market. Colgate has over the course of the years attempted to battle the sub-fragments through a sub-marking procedure and has dispatched sub-brands, for example, Colgate Total, Colgate Active Salt, Colgate Sensitive, Colgate Gel and Colgate Herbal. It is clear that alternate players, other than PG and Unilever, are not extremely quick to take Colgate head-on in its principle product offering. Thus, they have begun smaller segments portions for themselves and, with an engaged system, are figuring out how to remain pioneers in their separate sub -fragments. Their endeavours are along these lines to gradually develop these classes and additionally their shares in the business (Irani, 2012). While bigger players, for example, Unilever are attempting to develop the business sector and catch offers, players, for example, GSK have made a corner for themselves in the market of delicate toothpaste. Through a progression of augmentations, Colgate has expanded its share of the business to 54.5% in 2012 from 52.4% in 2011. As per the extension strategy appears to have worked in marginally and retaining developing its share, analysts think that this technique will be powerful. In India Colgate had followed the single-brand strategy and also acquired Cibaca, however in different nations Colgate has different brands, for example, Dentagard and Elmex (KUILA, 2014). Colgate is strongly emphasised around linking its objectives and strategies with those of its trade partners keeping in mind the end goal to accomplish common success. Colgate individuals comprehend that the way they work together is pretty much as critical as the outcomes they accomplish. Colgate has created worldwide business offering rule that apply to their associations with all clients, paying little heed to their size or area. These standards give particular rules on the best way to accomplish business objectives while looking after Colgates responsibility to its values and to maintaining the most astounding moral principles in its business dealings. Development is a foundation of Colgate's method to drive beneficial development. While advancement in new item improvement is key, similarly essential is development all through the greater part of the Company's business capacities and procedures (O'Guinn, Allen and Semenik, 2003). The innovation extends at Colgate in latest products to all business capacities. Colgate added to an online exclusive apparatus that aides arrange the timing and consistency of the marketing messages of the company over all media channels. Colgate has made a creative, movement construct instructional class that centers with respect to the key part that store network coordinated effort plays in conveying against client desires. Members, who incorporate supply chain staff, customer service and customer development through group practices how to address supply chain network and other business difficulties and still convey best-in-class administration to Colgate's retail accomplices at the most reduced expense. Cultivating open communication among all Colgate individuals, the Company keeps workers included by coming to profound into the association consistently by means of e-mails, webcasts, messages, tutoring and giving an assortment of online and classroom training classes to reinforce aptitudes (Rijkens, 1992). Conclusion In conclusion, the brand Colgate has been a standout amongst the most trusted brands for quite a long time. It is not just the more established era which grew up with Colgate, it is a first brand, notwithstanding for the youthful, in the matter of oral consideration. The brand has confronted blasts of rivalry occasionally and has battled back successfully to recover market share. Colgate's development is started by the creative items we acquire to market their key item classes, and we keep on being exceptionally centered around verifying they have advancement at all value focuses. This system offers shoppers a decision of items from passage level to super premium and permits them the chance to exchange up as extra cash levels rise. This report highlights that advertising plays a vital role in the improving the brand image of Colgate. Various advertising strategies and positional strategy based on the competitors have helped the brand to capture the market. Strategies like recommendat ions from the dentists and acquisition of Sanex have helped the brand to position itself uniquely. Efficiency and effectiveness remain a key need, mirroring the significance of changing the way Colgate cooperates to produce new supports for development. By concentrating on various particular zones, for example, valuing greatness and rearrangements, and investigating new regions, they will keep on growing stores to put resources into their new items and the advertising exercises behind them. References Berger, A. (2011). A Strategic Analysis of Colgate  s toothpaste product line: Marketing Strategy. GRIN Verlag. Colgate, (2011). Annual Report. 2011. [online] United States: Colgate. Available at: https://www.colgate.com/us/en/annual-reports/2011/#Home [Accessed 9 Jun. 2015]. colgate.com, (2010). Colgate: Global Strategies, Local Strength. [online] Available at: https://www.colgate.com/Colgate/US/Corp_v2/Annual-Reports/2010/HomePage/ColgatePalmolive2010AnnualReport.pdf [Accessed 9 Jun. 2015]. Hackley, C. (2005). Advertising and promotion. London: SAGE Publications. Indiainfoline.com, (2015). Express Idea: Colgate BUY. [online] Available at: https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/research-recommendation-equity/express-idea-colgate-%E2%80%93-buy-115022500372_1.html [Accessed 9 Jun. 2015]. Irani, D. (2012). Most Trusted Brands 2012: How Colgate has managed to retain the top-most ranking - The Economic Times. [online] The Economic Times. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/brand-equity/most-trusted-brands-2012-how-colgate-has-managed-to-retain-the-top-most-ranking/articleshow/17099487.cms [Accessed 9 Jun. 2015]. KUILA, V. (2014). CASE STUDY: Will Colgates branding strategy beat the competition?. [online] The Hindu Business Line. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/on-campus/case-studies/case-study-will-colgates-branding-strategy-beat-the-competition/article6317514.ece [Accessed 9 Jun. 2015]. O'Guinn, T., Allen, C. and Semenik, R. (2003). Advertising and integrated brand promotion. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Rijkens, R. (1992). European advertising strategies. London, England: Cassell. Semenik, R. and O'Guinn, T. (2012). Advertising and promotions. Mason, Ohio: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

The Promise Plot Essays - The Promise, Reuben, American Literature

The Promise: Plot Title of Book: The Promise Author of Book: Chaim Potok 1.In 10-12 sentences, write a brief outline of the plot of the novel. Be sure to make clear the major conflict of the story. 1.In the beginning of the novel, the main character, Reuben, is spending some time with his father at their cottage. His friend, Rachel is also vacationing nearby. Reuben finds out that Rachel's 14 year old cousin, Michael, is mentally ill, and Reuben seems to be the only person Michael will talk to. Near the end of the summer, Reuben's best friend Danny comes to visit Reuben and the Gordons (Rachel's family) invite Danny over to discuss Michael because Danny is a genius, and he is studying psychology. At the summer's end, Michael is put into the treatment centre at which Danny is working. Reuben becomes friends with Michael's father, Abraham Gordon, a very respected scholar. Unfortunately, his ideas are not approved by Reuben's professor, Rav Kalman. Rav Kalman tells Reuben that if he continues to see Abraham and Michael Gordon, he will not be given his smicha, the degree which he has been working to get for so long. Also, Michael does not respond well to the treatment centre, and bec omes violent. Danny decides to use an experimental treatment on Michael, which involves not letting him talk to anyone or interact with anything except his therapist. The major conflict is when Michael becomes catatonic, and it seems as if Reuben will not get his smicha and Michael will never be cured. Danny decides to have a long conversation with Rav Kalman, and convinces him to at least give Reuben the smicha examination. During the examination, Reuben uses a method called test emendation, which is strictly forbidden by his school. Reuben backs up his arguments so well, that Rav Kalman does give him smicha, and when Reuben tells this to Michael (although Michael is in a comatose state) Michael awakes and tells Reuben, Danny and his parents that he hates his father because when his father writes a book, all the people who disagree with his ideas write hateful articles, and excommunicate the Gordon family. 2.What is the setting of the novel? 2.The novel is set in Willamsburg, Brooklyn, in the 1950's. 3.In one sentence, state the climax of the novel. Explain how it solves the conflict. 3.The climax of this novel is when Reuben receives his smicha because it solves the problem of Reuben not getting his smicha, and when Reuben tells Michael that he received smicha, Michael wakes up and tells Reuben and Danny everything. 4.Name 2 important character traits of a major character in the novel. Then give 2 examples from the story demonstrating each trait. 4.The character I am examining is Danny Saunders. The first character trait is that Danny was very trustworthy. Example 1: " `I trust him....I needed someone I could trust....someone I could trust absolutely and without the slightest reservation. I trust Daniel Saunders.' " pg. 244 Example 2: My second example is that Dr. Altman, Danny's supervisor at the treatment centre, trusted Danny enough to let him go ahead with the experiment on Michael. The second character trait is intensity. Example 1: " He was unshaven and his eyes blinked repeatedly and he looked as though he had not slept in a long time...`Went back?' I stared at him. `You weren't home for Shabbat?'...`I've been at the treatment centre since three in the morning.'" pg.256 Example 2: " Danny was playing volleyball the way he had once played baseball, with an intense, hungry eagerness to win." pg.380 5.Circle one of the following categories below to describe how you would rate the book. Making reference to the novel's subject matter, language, character development and other elements, explain why you rated the book as you did. 5.I would rate the book as very interesting. I would rate it in this way becuase, first, I could indentify with the subject. I knew most of the Hebrew or Yiddish terms before the author translated them, and although it did not apply directly to me, I could see paralels between the novel and my own life. The language in the novel was well choosen, at an in-between level, not too hard to understand, but very well written. Some of the metaphores used in the book were so brilliant, I would have rather done a full novel study of this book, because I know I must have missed so much of the depth of the novel.

Life of Squanto, Native American Who Guided the Pilgrims

Life of Squanto, Native American Who Guided the Pilgrims Tisquantum, better known by his nickname Squanto, was a member of the Patuxet band of the Wampanoag tribe. The exact date of his birth is unknown, but historians estimate that he was born around 1580. Squanto is best known for his work as a guide and interpreter for early settlers in Southern New England. His advice and assistance were integral to the survival of early Pilgrims, including the Mayflower Pilgrims. Fast Facts: Squanto Full Name: TisquantumNickname: Squanto  Known For: Serving as a liaison between Native American populations and Mayflower PilgrimsBorn: Circa 1580 in southern New England (now Massachusetts, United States)Died: 1622 in Mamamoycke (now Chatham, Massachusetts, United States)Key Accomplishments:  Helped early Pilgrims survive harsh, unfamiliar conditions. Early Years Very little is known about Squantos early years. Historians dont know exactly when or where he was born. They don’t know who his parents were or whether or not he had any siblings. However, they do know that he was a member of the Wampanoag tribe, and specifically the Patuxet band. The Patuxet lived primarily on coastal land in the area that is present day Plymouth, Massachusetts. They spoke an Algonquian dialect. It is believed that the band Squanto was born into contained more than 2,000 people at one point. However, written records of Patuxet are non-existent, since potential firsthand observers from England arrived after the members of the Patuxet were killed out by a plague. Years in Bondage A few historians have suggested that Squanto may have been kidnapped in 1605 by George Weymouth and taken to England before returning to North America in 1614, but modern historians do not believe there is evidence to support that theory. However, Squanto and several other members of the Patuxet were kidnapped in 1614 by Thomas Hunt, an English explorer and human trafficker. Hunt took Squanto and the others to Malaga, Spain and sold them into slavery. With the help of Spanish friars, Squanto escaped and traveled to England. He took a job with John Slaney, who sent him to Newfoundland in 1617. Squanto met explorer Thomas Dermer and eventually traveled with him back to North America. When Squanto returned to his homeland in 1619, he found his village empty. In 1617, a great plague had wiped out the Patuxet and other Native American tribes in the Massachusetts Bay region. He set out in search of survivors, but didn’t find any. He eventually returned to work with Dermer, who was engaging in skirmishes with native populations. Squantos Work With Settlers Squantos time in England equipped him with a unique set of skills. Unlike most other Native Americans, he was able to speak English, which allowed him to act as a liaison between the settlers and Native American tribes. He interpreted conversations and served as a guide for the settlers. Squanto is credited with teaching the Pilgrims how to grow plants and use natural resources. His guidance helped them survive their first year. Squanto was also instrumental when it came to skirmishes with some of the other Native Americans in the area. Some tribes did not appreciate the fact that he was helping the strange people from England. This caused problems for Squanto, who was once captured by a neighboring tribe. He was able to gain freedom from bondage once again and worked with the Pilgrims until his death. Death Squanto died in November of 1622. At the time, he was serving as a guide for William Bradford, the governor of the Plymouth settlement. Bradford wrote that Squanto grew sick with fever and died several days later. Some historians, including writer Nathaniel Philbrick, have suggested that Squanto may have been poisoned by Massasoit, but this is just speculation, as there is no proof that a murder was committed. It is believed that Squanto was buried in the village of Chatham Port, but this detail, like many of the details of Squantos life, may or may not be true. Legacy Squanto played an integral role in the survival of early settlers, but one could argue that he isnt always given the credit he deserves. Although there are many statues and memorials dedicated to the Pilgrims in Massachusetts, Squanto has not been memorialized in the same way: there  are no major statues or memorials to Squanto in the area. Despite the lack of memorials, Squantos name remains relatively well-known. This can, in part, be attributed to his representation in films and animated programs. Squanto was the focus of the Disney animated film â€Å"Squanto: A Warriors Tale,† released in 1994. The film was very loosely based on Squantos life, but did not provide a very accurate portrayal of historical events. Squanto also appeared in an episode of the animated series â€Å"This Is America, Charlie Brown,† which aired on television in 1988. The cartoon depicted the journey of the Pilgrims and detailed how Native Americans, like Squanto, helped the Pilgrims survive the hardships of the New World. Like the Disney film, the Charlie Brown cartoon was created for children and glossed over the darker details of English settlement. The most accurate historical portrayal of Squanto in popular culture is in the National Geographics â€Å"Saints Strangers.† This two-part mini-series appeared on television during 2015 and depicted the Mayflower journey and the Pilgrims first year in North America. It should also be noted that Squantos legacy includes appearances in history textbooks. Unfortunately, most of the depictions of Squantos life are derived from the historical writings of English Separatists, which incorrectly portray Squanto as  a noble savage. History is now beginning to correct the record of Squantos legacy. Sources Baumann, Nick. â€Å"Heres The Crazy Story About Thanksgiving Youve Never Heard.†Ã‚  The Huffington Post, 25 Nov. 2015, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/thanksgiving-squanto-tisquantum-true-history_us_565471e1e4b0d4093a5917bb.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Squanto.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 29 Oct. 2017, www.britannica.com/biography/Squanto.â€Å"Squanto.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 22 Nov. 2017, www.biography.com/people/squanto-9491327.â€Å"Squanto.†Ã‚  Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in America, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/north-american-indigenous-peoples-biographies/squanto.

How to Stop Comparing Yourself to Others

How to Stop Comparing Yourself to Others How much of your day do you spend obsessively comparing yourself to your friends or colleagues? Your best friend from college makes more money than you do, even though she’s been at her job for less time. Your cubicle mate always gets complimented by your boss, even though you know she spends half her workday on Facebook. If you’re a frequent player of the comparison game, you know it always leads to you  feeling terrible about yourself. Yes, everyone on LinkedIn is doing better on the ladder than you are. And yes, everyone on Instagram is living their best life. But did you know that without the whole story, you really have no basis for comparison? Here’s how you can make sure to not fall into the trap of needless comparison. The next time you play the â€Å"here’s why he’s better† game, simply remember these tips, take a deep breath, and work on improving yourself rather than holding yourself against impossible standards.1. Realize that c omparisons don’t tell the whole story.Are you comparing what you know to be your worst against what you judge to be someone else’s best? Are you comparing your beginning to someone else’s middle? Your early career to their glory days? Your entry-level salary to their 40-year career? Remember that comparisons require metrics, which are hard to come by even when you aren’t trying to compare apples to oranges or seeds to trees.2. Understand that you’re wasting precious time.Every hour you spend comparing yourself to someone else is an hour you’re not spending doing better, learning more, acquiring new skills, and moving forward. Comparing yourself to someone else shifts your mindset away from where it needs to be- on you- by putting it somewhere else much less productive. Focus on yourself and what you must do to be where you need to be, and cut out the rest of the noise.3. Know that social media is not your friend.The next time you fall down a n Insta-hole of perfectly posed pictures, turn off your device (or at least shut down your app) and force yourself to spend at least one hour without logging back on. If you spend that hour working on a self-improvement project, that’s all the better. Work on building the kind of life you can be proud of. Focus on the present, not on how many â€Å"likes† you got on your last post. Do something for yourself or someone else that will actually matter.4. Turn that frown upside down.Address whatever negative feelings are lurking in the back of your brain and try to turn them into positives. Use your jealousy and insecurity to spur you to grow faster and more. In fact, instead of viewing the person who’s making you feel less-than as competition, you can think of him or her as a muse or an inspiration to do better. You might even reach out to that person in a mentorship or brain-picking capacity!5. Keep your dignity.You have nothing to gain in comparison situations, b ut everything to lose- not just your time and energy, but your drive, your passion, your pride, and your dignity. You’re only in control of one life- your own. Do what you can to make it the best it can be, and don’t become bitter and jealous while forgetting to make something of yourself in the meantime.

China's economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

China's economy - Essay Example When per capita income is measured in terms of purchasing power, it has gone up by three times – as per the International Monetary Fund, from $2800 in 2002 to almost $9100 in 2012. That is certainly a commendable achievement by any standard! China is now no more a poor country but is placed in the middle-income bracket. China became a member of World Trade Organization in 2001 and that gave a big boost to Chinese exports. Chinese exports grew by average 30% between 2002 and 2007 making it the worlds largest exporter then. In exports, China holds 10% of the global market. Real estate contributed significantly in the GDP growth after 1998 when the establishment opened the market. Between 2002 and 2010, real estate of China registered average growth of 17%. That has now gone down to almost 12 % due to controls enforced by the government. All said and done, the moot question is whether China will be able to maintain such spectacular growth in the years ahead. China is more poised to follow a well-known economic principle – the law of diminishing returns that with each unit of fixed investment, the marginal return declines meaning each fresh unit of capital will produce less output than the previous one. In other words, to maintain same growth, the country needs to invest higher and hiher capital each year. China is now integrated with the world economy. Post 2008 financial crisis, China is unable to push more exports to the developed world due to large scale unemployment that prevails with stagnating GDP numbers . Export growth rates for China will be declining in the years ahead compared to what has been registered in the first decade of new millenium. That leaves little scope for China to maintain 10% GDP growth in the years ahead. Chinas cost advantage in the world market is declining rapidly because its average wage rates have gone up four times since 2000. Moreover,

Assignment Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Assignment Bachelor - Essay Example More to that, law sets out procedures on how things should be done, who should be involved and so on and these procedures apply to all people who are governed by that law. Moving away from the basics, this paper shall be guided by questions regarding the Australian legal system so that a clear understanding of the various implications of their legal system is demonstrated. Do common law, the courts and the doctrine of Precededent continue to serve the useful function in the regulation of business conduct and the resolution of business disputes Alternatively, should all business resolution be subject to legislation The Australian court system is similar to that of Britain as it was a British colony. It mainly uses the common law and the statute. The statute is made by the legislation while the common law follows the doctrine of precedence which is borrowed from a Latin phrase stare decisis which translates to "the decision says" or simply the rule made by previous judges. The doctrine of precedence is not constituted so much on the ideal decision made but rather the principles that guided the arrival to that decision. (Gilford and Gilfford, 1983,p5). As pointed out, not all law follows precedence and this is where statute law comes in. legislation allows for codification so that common law may be altered to set new precedence and also suit with the current needs of the community. The Australian court system is categorized into 3 distinct courts namely the high court (supreme courts) the county courts and the magistrate courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and has jurisdictions to listen to cases of appeal and also handle cases of high profile say constitutional challenges and interpretation. The magistrate courts are the lowest courts and handle civil and criminal cases of lighter nature. Given the fact that the doctrine of precedence prevails in the Australian court system, the magistrate and distinct courts are bound to follow rulings of the higher court where two cases are similar in fact and circumstance. This means that a lower court cannot be able to overrule precedence. On the other hand, the high court has the jurisdiction to overhaul previous precedence if it feels that it is outdated and therefore set new precedence. Common law has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, it has the advantage of setting a pattern of handling disputes hence one may be in a position to predetermine a court ruling just by studying previous rulings. As noted, any law should have consistency and common law provides for this. In the instance where no similar case has been handled before, common law gives room to set precedence. It also assists judges arrive at a decision faster and hence save time and acquire sound mind since previous reasoning used by judges is at the center of common law. Common law has played a major role in maintaining regulation of business conduct through setting out remedies to business misconduct, negligence and damages and as such has acted as a deterrent to stop individuals from repeating similar mistakes. Legislation plays a pertinent role in business resolution to disputes and perhaps should always be the basis upon which remedies are found. However, not all

Andrea Jung Ceo of Avon Essay Example for Free

Andrea Jung Ceo of Avon Essay Andrea Jung CEO of Avon By: Theresa Bell Andrea Jung CEO of Avon Abstract Andrea Jung has had many executive positions during her career as a vice president, merchandising manager, general merchandising manager, senior vice president and general merchandising manager, executive vice president and is now Avons CEO, a Fortune 500 company, and has been for almost the last decade. She is Avons first female CEO since it began in 1886. Andrea Jung has introduced new technology to the company and a new line of make-up. The cosmetics are now being sold in 143 different countries brining its profits up 41%. She gave Avon a revamp when she took over gaining trust, reliability, and gaining a competitive advantage over their competitors. She used a low-cost business-level strategy to gain the advantage over the competitors. The way Avon sales their product has not changed it still sales product by a door to door method, but they used new technology to go worldwide making the company more profitable. In 2011 Avon profit has dropped 18% making stakeholders question Andrea Jungs business-style management skill today. Avon needs a new plan inorder to gain the advantage over their competitors and this leads the stakeholders to question Andrea Jungs focus on management. Theresa Bell Keiser University Ron Phillips/Principles of Management December 6, 2011 Andrea Jung CEO of Avon From the start, Avon embraced the revolutionary concept of women’s economic empowerment, and this continues to be the driving force for Avon. Building on this rich heritage is Avon’s broader commitment to corporate responsibility and the company’s role as a global citizen. Added to the core commitment to women are two additional pillars of Avon corporate citizenship: philanthropy and environmental stewardship, supported by policies and programs across the companys entire business enterprise to ensure that Avon holds true to its mission and vision. (http://www. avoncompany. com/corporatecitizenship/corporateresponsibility/index. html) Andrea Jung is the Chairman and CEO of Avon and has been for almost a decade, in 2005 she ranked number 5 in the top 50 most powerful women at the age of 48 years old (http://money. nn. com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/7. html ). Andrea Jung took over as CEO, after Charles Perrin had problems within the company serving as its CEO for only two years. In 1999, Jung took over as CEO becoming Avons first female CEO since the company began in 1886. Since Jung has taken over as CEO, Avon has gone internationally selling worldwide, instead of just being sold to American women. Jung started a new line of make-up directed at teenage girls and college-age women to build Avons revenue and to gain younger customers. In doing this Jung has taken Avon in a different direction, Avon is now being sold in 143 countries, women selling directly to buyers, and selling worldwide this has brought more business into the company making it a more profitable company. Since Jung started selling worldwide nearly 40 percent of sales are from South and Central America. (http://www. notablebiographies. com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Jung-Andrea. html). Avon is now being sold in Mexico, Russia, and Canada, taking the company into a more competitive market. Jung has brought technology into the company focusing on the product sold to gain an advantage over their competitors. In her first five years as CEO, Andrea Jung gave Avon a badly needed facelift. Revenues rose from $5. 3 billion to $7. 7 billion, and profits nearly tripled The business style she used was low cost. Avon had taken the advantage over their competitors when Jung took over as CEO in 1999. Jung was responsible for the profits almost tripling using her business style of management. Today Andrea Jung is under fire by the stakeholders due to a drop in sales. Avons sales have dropped by 18% leaving them to question Jungs business management style. The company is in need of a turn around plan to gain the advantage over their competitors. The company is under two different investigations to find out if the company bribed officials overseas from Latin, and China. Jung is working on a long-term plan to fix the problems that the company is suffering from today. http://www. appleinsider. com/articles/11/10/28/apple_board_member_andrea_jung_facing_scrutiny_at_avon. html   http://www. avoncompany. com/corporatecitizenship/corporateresponsibility/index. html   http://money. cnn. com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/7. html http://www. notablebiographies. com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Jung-Andrea. html   http://www. appleinsider. com/articles/11/10/28/apple_board_member_andrea_jung_facing_scrutiny_at_avon. html.

Freudian Perspectives of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework

Freudian Perspectives  of  Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term consciousness refers to "one’s awareness of internal and external stimuli. The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior."(Weiten) The core of the Freudian perspective is centered around Hamlet’s relationship with his mother, and the relationship of Hamlet and King Claudius. According to the Freudian view, Hamlet is driven by unconscious sexual desire and aggravation. This sexual aggression is directed towards his mother and Claudius. The mystery of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a phantom of literary debate that has haunted readers throughout the centuries. Hamlet is a complete enigma; a puzzle scholars have tried to piece together since his introduction to the literary world. Throughout the course of Hamlet, the reader is constantly striving to rationalize Hamlet’s odd behavior, mostly through the play’s written text. In doing so, many readers mistakenly draw their conclusions based on the surface content of Hamlet’s statements and actions. When drawing into question Hamlet’s actions as well as his reasons for acting, many assume that Hamlet himself is fully aware of his own motives. This assumption in itself produces the very matter in question. Take for example Hamlet’s hesitation to kill the king. Hamlet believes that his desire to kill King Claudius is driven by his fathers’ demand for revenge. If this were true, Hamlet would kill Claudius the moment he has the chance, if not the moment he knows for sure that Claudius is guilty of murdering his father. Why does Hamlet hesitate? One must call into question what Hamlet holds to be true. If Hamlet’s g... ...n personality, and that he cannot kill Claudius without killing himself. As a result Hamlet’s only solution is to die along with Claudius. Thus, by digging into Hamlet’s unconscious, his true unconscious motives have been unveiled. In overlooking the obvious, the true force behind Hamlet’s actions and inaction has been revealed, resulting in a final product that is an extensive comprehension of Hamlet’s character, and is, as Gertrude would say "more matter than art".      Works cited: Shakespeare, William. The Tradegy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark.   New York: Washington Square Press, 1992 Hall, Calvin s. A Primer of Freudian Psychology   New York: Harper and Row, 1954 Jones, Ernest. Hamlet and Oedipus. Newyork: W W Norton and company, 1976 Weiten, Wayne. Psychology: Themes and Variations, Fourth Editon. Boston: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1998

Effectiveness of United States Business Practices Laws Essay

Effectiveness of United States Business Practices Laws Introduction Do you think that such laws are effective?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States of America has some laws which are supposed to further balanced, fair and competitive business practices. The laws are basically effective because control measures meant to reinforce and foresee business practices that are fair are adhered to. With this, the determination of either success or the failure of any specific regulations or specifications can depend on the angle that you look at them from. With the anti-trust laws safeness from any form of unreasonable trade, unfair and non-competitive business acts and price discrimination are fully insured. For instance, each time new laws and regulations are initiated initial skepticism concerning their intended purpose and their impact as laws which are supposed to promote competitive and fair business practices. People may however not realize it citing an example of consumers where antitrust laws have effects on their daily life in many different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Federal Trade Commission of the United States Act came up with a government commission which was meant to help prevent unfair come uncompetitive business practices. 2014 FDIC’s compliance Manual states that:In order to prevent deceptive, uncompetitive or unfair business practices to consumers; to facilitate informed consumer choice and public awareness of a competitive process and in order to accomplish all this having not unduly burdening legitimate business activities (FDIC, 2014).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many other regulations come laws have been enacted to fully protect workers and consumers (since 1930s). It’s illegal for any employer to discriminate in terms of hiring on the age, race, sex or even their religious believes. Child labor is highly prohibited. All independent labor unions are assured of total rights to bargain or even organize a strike. These laws are fully enforced to help maintain everyone’s safety and protection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Back in 1890, the United States Congress enacted the popular Sherman Antitrust Act which is basically a law intended to restore free enterprise and competition through breaking up of monopolies. According to the US Congress (1890), â€Å"Sherman Anti-Trust Act† illegalizes all combinations, contracts or conspiracies that may unreasonably restrain both foreign and interstate trade. This shall include agreements amongst competitors to rig bids, fix prices and allocate customers all which are considered as criminal felonies and are punishable.’’ Why are the laws effective?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The original purpose of enacting the Sherman Antitrust Act was basically the protection of consumers from established businesses which might decide use unscrupulous ways to artificially raise prices, this may be through purposive production of few goods which do not meet the consumer demand thus automatically raise the products’ price and value. The US Justice Department states, â€Å"This law principally shows our commitment to a free market economy which there is no competition from both governmental and private restraints leads to good results for all consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States government has really tried in keeping the consumers and trade industries safe from unfair treatment during any business practices. In 1914 the Congress thus passed 2 more laws which were designed to reinforce the Clayton Antitrust Act Sherman, other significant business related acts. The Clayton Antitrust Act clearly defined what the components pertaining illegal restraints of trade. The International Economics Institute clearly states that: â€Å"The act illegalized price discrimination which gave some buyers advantages over others, did not allow agreements in which any manufacturer can sell only to dealer(s) who willingly agrees to never sell any of rival manufacturer’s product(s) and prohibits specific merger types or other acts that can reduce competition (U.S Congress, 1914). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s always difficult to determine when one violates any of the antitrust laws. Interpretations of the laws have varied and many analysts disagree after assessing if companies have really gained much power which may interfere the market operations. The Department of Justice states, â€Å"Effective enforcement of antitrust requires huge public support. However, public ignorance and apathy can adversely weaken the enforcement antitrust even more than any other issue. A consumer or businessperson who encounters business behaviors which appears to truly violate the antitrust laws should contact with immediate effect the enforcement authorities.† Corporate arrangements and conditions that might seem to have some antitrust threats in a particular era and may as well appear as a small threat in another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, whether buying a car, doing some food shopping at the grocery or downloading some new software from any site in the Internet, antitrust laws perform an important role in making sure people have full benefits of high quality goods or services at the most efficient and competitive prices. These antitrust laws achieve these targets through fostering and promotion of market competition and prevention of business practices and mergers which are not competitive. It is therefore evident that the United States has laws that are meant to further competitive, fair and balanced business practices are highly effective. References Pitofsky. E. M. (1978). Institute for International Economics. New York. FDIC. (2014, January 5). Federal Trade Commission Act. New York. Retrieved from fdic.gov: http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/compliance/manual/pdf/VII-1.1.pdf U.S. Department of Justice. (1997). Antitrust Enforcement and the Consumer. Washington. Source document

My School Memories Essay

The first memory that I have of school is the sound of my small feet on the wet ground as I stepped out of my mom? fs green Volvo. The splashing and splashing of the water as I walked down the rainy walkway toward what would be my new school. But not only was it a walkway to school, but the walkway to the rest of my life. Little did I know at the time, but this path would bring me to where I am now, an unsure college student. Unsure and uncertain of what my future holds and what is awaiting me on this path. The only things I know are the lessons that I have learned along the way which have molded and shaped me into the person that I am today. As a kid going through grade school my family moved around a lot. When I first started going to school I was living in north Seattle, and I lived there up through the first grade. After I had completed first grade, my family and I packed up and moved north to Mountlake Terrace. At that age it really wasn? ‘t very hard for me to relocate because I hadn? ‘t really had much time to develop any lasting relationships or even fully understand what was happening. The following six years were spent moving between Edmonds and Seattle and going through different elementary schools. The older that I got the harder it became whenever I would have to change to a different school because I felt like I had to explain myself to the other kids. When I was younger I was really embarrassed about the fact that I had moved around so much. Even to this day, I get a bit uncomfortable discussing this topic. After I had finished sixth grade my family decided to move back to Edmonds once again and I? fve been here ever since. I started middle school here in Edmonds at College Place Middle School. That summer before school started I decided that I would join a football team so I could make some friends that went to the same school as me. For the first time I had real friends. The only problem was that some of those friends weren? ‘t the greatest of influences on me. They liked to get into trouble by smoking and just not making smart decisions in their lives. I experimented with the whole ? gtroublemaker? h scenario, but luckily for me I realized it was not for me and it really was not the smart thing for a seventh grade kid to be doing. That following year I had changed a lot and I had gotten really into music. I just fell in love with it. That year is when I met who would end up being one of my closest friends to this day, Joe. His love of music was as great as mine was and we decided we wanted to start a band. I believe that music really helped me find a sense of self and it really gave me a positive way to express emotions and thoughts that I was feeling, and teenagers need some sort of way to express them otherwise it can create trouble. High school was the beginning of the end. It was the beginning of the end of childhood?. It was a time when I had to take my first baby steps into the real world. The first year of high school was by far the worst. The step up from middle school to high school is a hard one. For me it was strange to see guys with more hair on their faces than I had on my whole body. The whole situation is quite intimidating for a young kid in a strange, new place. As the years went on, I began to feel more comfortable being there. The one thing that kept me sane through my high school years was my band. By the time we’d reached our junior year we had become pretty good so that made it even more fun. I eventually even began to like school a little bit. But overall I had a lot of fun in high school. I think I learned a lot about how to treat people and just to respect people for who they are. That was probably one of the most important lessons that I learned the whole time I was there. Looking back on it now, I can appreciate the time that I spent there. The events and circumstances of someone? fs life really do determine how that person thinks and acts. There is no doubt that the experiences I? ‘ve had in my life through school have helped to shape the person I am today. Not that I am perfect or near perfect now, but I am happy with who I am and I think that that there is something positive to be taken away from everything in life. The only problem is that sometimes you have to take a closer look to be able to find it.

Camille Saint-Saens essays

Camille Saint-Saens essays Camille Saint-Saens was born in Paris, France, on October 9, 1835. His father was a clerk in the French Government Service and died shortly after Saint-Saens was born. Throughout his life he became very close with his mother, and often turned to her for help and advice. Saint-Saens was a child prodigy and could read and write at age three and almost immediately began composing. At the age of five he gave his first public performance. When he was ten years old he had all of Beethovens piano sonatas memorized and he gave a concert that included Beethovens Third Piano Concerto, Mozarts B flat Concerto, along with works by Bach, Handel, and Hummel. He wrote his first symphony at sixteen and in 1852, at seventeen, Ode a Sainte Cecile made this young composer known. Throughout his life he created the Bible opera Samson et Dalila, and his most famous work is The Carnival of the Animals, which is written for two pianos and an orchestra. In his lifetime, he composed over three hundred works, including thirteen operas. As a young man, Saint-Saens was a radical and a strong promoter of the music of Wagner and Schumann during a period when that was considered unfashionable. He also promoted the music of earlier composers like Handel and Bach. At the age of thirty-six he helped found the Societe Nationale de Musique to encourage new French music. Camille said of himself that he Lived in music like a fish in water, and that his playing reflected many of his characteristics as a composer. These include fluency, elegance, brilliance, and a lack of emotional depth. He was hailed by Liszt as the worlds greatest organist. In 1875, he fell in love with nineteen year old Marie-Laure Truffot. He married her, but became bored with her immediately and often sent her to stay with his mother. During their marriage they had two children, but they died with...

ESL Lesson Plan on Countable and Uncountable Nouns

ESL Lesson Plan on Countable and Uncountable Nouns The following lesson focuses on helping intermediate to upper-intermediate students solidify their knowledge of countable and uncountable nouns and their quantifiers. It also includes a number of overlooked or idiomatic expressions to help higher level students expand their knowledge of various quantifying terms used by mother tongue speakers. Noun Quantifiers Lesson   Aim: Review and solidification of countable and uncountable noun and noun quantifiers Activity: Review discussion followed by multiple choice dialogue fill-in exercise Level: Intermediate to upper-intermediate Outline: Begin review by asking students to identify the worksheet list of objects as countable or uncountable.Activate quantifier vocabulary by asking which quantifiers can be used to modify countable and uncountable nouns. At this point, it is a good idea to write the two categories on the board for students to copy.Discuss some of the more problematic quantifiers such as the difference between a few and few, a little and little. Discuss which quantifiers can be used in the question, positive and negative forms.Have students complete the multiple choice fill in dialogue in pairs or small groups.Correct worksheet as a class.As a follow-up activity asks students to write a description of their room at home listing the various items that can be found in that room. Ask students to not use exact numbers, rather to use quantifiers. Countable and Uncountable - Noun Quantifiers Identify the following objects as countable or uncountable information, rules, sheep, money, learning, rice, bottles of wine, equipment, traffic, stone, stones, talent, web sites, clothes, music, deserts, land, nations, peoples, fish, pollution, understanding, RAM, artworks, orders, food Choose the correct answers in the following dialogue CHRIS: Hi! What are you up to?PETE: Oh, Im just looking for ( A) many ( B) some ( C) any antiques at this sale.CHRIS: Have you found ( A) something ( B) anything ( C) nothing yet?PETE: Well, there seems to be ( A) a few ( B) few ( C) little things of interest. It really is a shame.CHRIS: I cant believe that. Im sure you can find ( A) a thing ( B) something ( C) anything interesting if you look in ( A) all ( B) each ( C) some stall.PETE: Youre probably right. Its just that there are ( A) a few ( B) a lot ( C) a lot of collectors and they ( A) every ( B) each ( C) all seem to be set on finding ( A) a thing ( B) anything ( C) much of value. Its so stressful competing with them!CHRIS: How ( A) many ( B) much ( C) few antique types of furniture do you think there is?PETE: Oh, Id say there must be ( A) many ( B) several ( C) much pieces. However, only ( A) a few ( B) few ( C) little are really worth ( A) the high ( B) a high ( C) high prices they are asking.CHRIS: Why dont you take a break ? Would you like to have ( A) any ( B) some ( C) little coffee? PETE: Sure, Id love to have ( A) any ( B) little ( C) one. I could use ( A) some ( B) a few ( C) a little minutes of downtime.CHRIS: Great, Lets go over there. There are ( A) a few ( B) some ( C) little seats left. Answer Key Identify the following objects as countable or uncountable information UNCOUNTABLE, rules COUNTABLE, sheep COUNTABLE, money UNCOUNTABLE, learning UNCOUNTABLE, rice UNCOUNTABLE, bottles of wine COUNTABLE, equipment UNCOUNTABLE, traffic UNCOUNTABLE, stone UNCOUNTABLE, stones COUNTABLE, talent UNCOUNTABLE,  web sites  COUNTABLE, clothes UNCOUNTABLE, music UNCOUNTABLE, deserts COUNTABLE, land UNCOUNTABLE, nations COUNTABLE, peoples COUNTABLE, fish COUNTABLE, pollution UNCOUNTABLE, understanding UNCOUNTABLE, RAM COUNTABLE,  artworks  COUNTABLE, orders COUNTABLE, food UNCOUNTABLE Choose the correct answers in the following dialogue CHRIS: Hi! What are you up to?PETE: Oh, Im just looking for  some  antiques at this sale.CHRIS: Have you found  anything  yet?PETE: Well, there  seems to be  few  things of interest. It really is a shame.CHRIS: I cant believe that. Im sure you can find  something  interesting if you look in  each  stall.PETE: Youre probably right. Its just that there are  a lot of  collectors and they  all  seem to be set on finding  anything  of value. Its so stressful competing with them!CHRIS: How  much  antique furniture do you think there is?PETE: Oh, Id say there must be  several  pieces. However, only  a few  are really worth  the high  prices they are asking.CHRIS: Why dont you take a break? Would you like to have  some  coffee?PETE: Sure, Id love to have  one. I could use  a few  minutes  of downtime.CHRIS: Great, Lets go over there. There are  a few little  seats left.

Nursing Intervention to Encourage healthy Eating habits Among Term Paper

Nursing Intervention to Encourage healthy Eating habits Among Teenagers - Term Paper Example There are four steps in the development of nursing intervention, keeping in mind the encouragement of healthy habits among teenagers: Assessing: In this step, the nurse will have to assess the problem or the area where they have to start from. Here, the nursing intervention is to develop healthy eating habits among teenagers. So the nurse will have to assess and analyze those areas from where the research can be started. The targeted audience – teenagers – can be made a part of the study for the encouragement of healthy eating habits among them. Formulating an Intervention: After assessment of the area, the process leads to the second step – formulation of the intervention. In this step, observing the eating habits of the target audience will take place. The nurse will have to formulate a plan for how to intrude in the social life of the teenagers, make them recognize their unhealthy eating habits, and convince them to adopt a healthy diet. Even though junk food has its charms, according to a research conducted by the American Society for Clinical Nutrition (2003), the results showed that teenagers who consumed a higher amount of beverages than teens who did not were more prone to having a high blood pressure. It has also been claimed that too much intake of junk food can cause depression among teenagers (Tomer, 2011). Doctors and nutrition consultants strictly inhibit the regular intake of junk food, not only for teenagers but for everyone. A recent study published in Public Health Nutrition (Sanchez-Villegas et al., 2012) showed that teens who consume fast food are 51 percent more likely to develop depression than teens who consume less or no fast food at all. Enlightening the teens of today with the harms of fast food consumption and trying to develop reluctance in them for such might appear as the most challenging aspect of formulating an intervention. Implementing: The third step in nursing intervention is to implement the prepared set of plans. The step of implementation will include all the chosen subjects – teenagers – from the nurse on whom the formulation was attempted. In implementation, the results drawn from the research done can be shown to the subjects and any other people related to the subject. The priority viewers of the result will be the guardians or parents of the teens who, after showing the results, will be advised to decrease or condemn the fast food consumption in their child. Showing the results to the subjects and the harms caused by them might prove helpful, too, if they are willing to accept the flaws in their diet. Interviewing of relatives can also prove to be helpful in the deduction of results for the research being conducted. Evaluating: Upon reaching the end of the research, the nurse now has to evaluate the plan they implemented for intrusion and calculate the results obtained in a scale of positive to negative. The evaluation may take place by interviewing the teenage r subjects and asking them for their feedback. The same can be done to everyone in the subject’s social circle to know if the subject’s eating habits are considered beneficial for them or not. The interviews and feedback hold an important part in the step of evaluation because they will prove helpful for the researchers in their deducing of results. From the evaluated

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 11

Report - Essay Example wending duck is a side channel of the river Wensum in the United Kingdom, and the water comes from Chalk rocks. there is also east Dereham treatment works next to it. East Dereham treatment works releases water straight into wending duck (see figure 1).(booklet). 2-Biological sampling: by measuring the macroinvertebrate animal community over a period of time, and with this method water quality is assessed by two measurements: 1) Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP); this method measure the biological quality of the river using a different type of macroinvertebrates as indicators. (booklet). The principle of this method is different macroinvertebrate have different potential of pollution. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_monitoring_working_party. Tertiary treatment: this is the final step, ultra violet and a thin membrane are used to remove bacteria and virus from the treatment process, and this water made for another purpose than drinking such as washing clothes,irrigation and toilets.(https://learn.uea.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1226628-dt-content-rid-1544301_1/courses/INTO-PSE-JUN14_E/wastewater-web--2-.pdf). By using a measurement tape across the River to find out the width of the river that has been divided into four sections. After dividing the river, a meter stick was used to find out the depth of the river in each section. All of the results were recorded in the results section. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured by oxygen meter "Do2 meter." A rope of 5 meters was placed on the surface of the river to calculate the velocity of the stream. A stick was thrown into the river from the beginning of the 5 meters rope while the stopwatch was turned on to calculate the time when the stick was traveling next to the rope till the end of the 5 meters rope. This method have been done twice We used benthic kick sample to measure

Windows HPC Server 2008 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Windows HPC Server 2008 - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the main aspects of Windows HPC Server. This paper will outline the windows HPC Server’s basic working structure, its advantages and disadvantages, its current uses and new features of this server technology. OVERVIEW OF WINDOWS HPC SERVER Microsoft Windows HPC Server (HPCS) is a modern technology based generation of HPC (extreme performance computing) that offers performance, enterprise-level services and extendibility for an extremely prolific HPC framework. Additionally, the HPCS offers a comprehensive and incorporated cluster arrangement encompassing the task or job scheduler, operating system, cluster management, message passing interface v2 (MPI2) support and scrutinizing elements. Moreover, the latest developed Windows Server ® 2008 64-bit, HPCS ranges to thousands of CPU processing cores and comprises a management console that facilitates practically maintenance and checking system strength and constancy. In this scenario, the job scheduling agil ity and interoperability facilitates incorporation in Windows-based HPC platforms maintains service-oriented architecture (SOA) or group workloads. Furthermore, Windows HPC Server 2008 offers a lot of facilities such as improved efficiency, simplicity of use and scalable performance that is why it is the most effective solution for Windows platforms (Microsoft, 2008) and (Microsoft Corporation., 2008). HOW IT WORKS This section presents an overview of the working and functioning method of Windows HPC Server. This section will discuss that how Windows HPC Server works? Basically, Windows HPC Server is designed on a group of servers that comprises a single head node and one or more compute nodes as stated in the below given Figure 1. In this scenario, the main head node that currently offers switching from fail component to backup component using Windows Server 2008 Enterprise accessibility services, SQL Server powers and clustering is responsible for managing all the rights to access the cluster resources as well as it is the particular position of operation, organization and job development in support of the compute cluster. Moreover, Windows HPC Server offers a lot of tools to manage accessible Active Directory, directory service-based arrangement for security, complete functions and handle account. One major example of these tools is System Center Operations Manager (Microsoft, 2008) and (Hand, 2010). Figure 1- Windows HPC Server Working Arrangement Image Source, (Microsoft, 2008) The installation process of Windows HPC Server encompasses mounting the OS on the main head node, combining it to an Active Directory domain, and afterward applying the HPC Pack 2008. In this scenario, there is a page named as â€Å"To Do List† which outlines the steps needed to finish the setting of our compute cluster. These steps encompass describing the network designing standard management, physical layout and incorporating compute nodes to the cluster. Moreover, Window s HPC Server offers Node model, which is a simple method to describe the preferred arrangement of the compute nodes, as well as a simple interface that helps improve the fundamental Windows Deployment Services of

John Kenneth Galbraith Biography

John Kenneth Galbraith Biography Archibald Galbraith, a Canadian schoolteacher, once climbed onto a platform atop a  steaming pile of manure to address a group of Liberal party voters before the coming Ontario  elections. â€Å"Before I begin,† he said, â€Å"I must apologize for speaking from the Tory platform.†Ã‚  Later on, his teenage son, John Kenneth, would congratulate him on the dig, to which he  [Archibald] would respond, â€Å"It was good. But it didn’t change any votes.† (Arthur Scheslinger,  1984, p. 7) So, from an early age, John Kenneth Galbraith was between the world of politics and  pragmatism.   John Kenneth Galbraith was born in 1908. His father’s involvement in politics had a  profound impact on the young John Kenneth, politicizing him at an early age. He originally  studied Agricultural Economics at the Ontario Agricultural College, but would eventually say  that he took his first â€Å"real† economics course at UC Berkeley, and that the economics instruction  in Canada was â€Å"very poor† (Dunn, 2002, p. 350). As a graduate student at UC Berkeley, he  continued his study of agricultural economics and worked as a research assistant for a â€Å"very zany  old man by the name of Edwin Voorhies† (Kreisler, 1986). He stated that it was his study of  agricultural economics that left him with a strong feeling that â€Å"social science should be tested by  its usefulness,† an idea inspired by Veblen’s dichotomy between exoteric knowledge (knowledge  that is valuable and applicable) and esoteric knowledge (knowledge tha t has no practical  application, but because of that, is considered more â€Å"prestigious†). Galbraith believed that social  sciences should be exoteric, not esoteric. In his book Economics and The Public Purpose,  Galbraith develops this idea further, saying, â€Å"The ultimate test of a set of economic ideas is  whether it illuminates the anxietes of the time† (Galbraith, 1973, p.198). In the 1930’s, while Galbraith was studying to receive his Ph. D, it was clear that  economic theory was not addressing the anxietes of the time. Economists were struggling to  explain how free markets had led the United States to economic ruin. One in four Americans  were jobless. Production had all but ground to a halt. Obviously, there were egregious errors in  the accepted dogma, which stated that free markets left to their own devices would bring about  efficiency and employment. Galbraith said that his method of coming to an understanding was to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"for years†¦start with [Alfred] Marshall, see the world as it is, and make the requisite  modifications† (Dunn, 2002, p. 351). Upon graduating, Galbraith traveled to Washington D.C.  and took a position assisting with the implementation of the Agricultural Adjustment Act, before  taking a position as a tutor at Harvard. At Harvard, he made speeches supporting the reelection of Roosevelt, cement ing his initial ties with the Democratic party. Not long after, he was offered  a fellowship at Cambridge, where the discussions centered around Keynes, who had just published his General Theory of Employment, Money, and Interest (Dunn, 2002, pp. 350-355).   Galbraith returned from England to his tutor position at Harvard a confirmed Keynesian. He spent a few more years tutoring at Harvard (where he met John F. Kennedy) and then took a  job as resident economist for the American Farm Bureau Federation in Washington. Galbraith’s  observation of the farm industry solidified his belief in the power of government to move  industries forward. In 1930, farm households accounted for a quarter of the population, whereas  today they account for only 1% of the population and yet on the whole, they now produce more  than they did in 1930. This is due to strong government support of the farming industry. That  national planning could â€Å"transform a weak, disorganized, and poverty prone sector of the  economy into America’s most spectacular productive success†¦preserved his political concerns†Ã‚  (Arthur Schlesinger, 1984, p. 8). Galbraith became head of the Office of Price Administration in  1941 during World War II, and at the same time began his long career as a ghostwriter, penning  spe eches for Samuel Rosenman and Robert Sherwood (Arthur Schlesinger, 1984, p. 8). Galbraith then became editor of Fortune magazine, where he worked directly for Harry  Luce, founder of Time Inc., whom he called â€Å"one of the most ruthless editors I have ever known,  or anyone has ever known† (Kreisler, 1986). Galbraith has credited Luce with dramatically  improving his writing via ruthless editing. Galbraith credited Fortune with giving him a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"marvelous introduction to the corporate mind,† because the focus of the magazine at the time  was â€Å"the anatomy of the big corporations† (Dunn, 2002, p. 353). The decision making processes  of major corporations would be a recurring phenomenon that he would write about in many of  his publications. Galbraith returned to Academia in 1948, having spent five years as editor of Fortune. He  was nominated to a position teaching economics at Harvard. However, members of Harvard’s  board of overseers regarded him as a â€Å"dangerous Keynesian,† and as a result, â€Å"took the step,  almost unprecedented in modern times, of blocking the appointment† (Dunn, 2002, p. 353). However, Galbraith had many political allies, and among them was Harvard’s president, James  B. Conant. Conant was such a fan of Galbraith that he threatened to resign unless the board of  overseers backed down. Eventually they did, and Galbraith became a tenured professor at  Harvard. It was then that he began work on his first major bestseller, American Capitalism: The  Concept of Countervailing Power. Galbraith begins his discussion of capitalism in America by pointing out the following  conundrum: Mainstream economic theory asserts that in the case of monopoly, prices will rise,  business will screw consumers, fail to innovate, and as a result, the economy will be in bad  shape. He then notes the work of Joan Robinson in developing the idea of monopolistic and  oligopolistic competition, noting that oligopolistic industries behave in the same way as  monopolies would, and through informal agreements can have the exact same effect. Then, using  the actual data collected by the American government, he shows that the majority of industries  are in fact oligopolistic. But he goes even further than that, saying that almost all industries will  eventually become oligopolistic for the following reasons: At the birth of an industry,  competetion is necessary and possible, as no firms have clear and significant advantages yet. But  over time, it will become increasingl y difficult to enter the industry because of the barriers to  entry created by high capital requirements and increasing returns to scale. At the same time that  increasing returns to scale start to set in (as they inevitably do), existing firms will also gain the  advantage of experience and prior organization. The convergence of these factors leads, in most  cases, to an industry with a few power players and a larger but still relatively small number of  hangers-on, who exist by filling niches that aren’t worth the time of the large firms. Galbraith poses a question in American Capitalism, and before getting to that question, it  is important to get a sense of the context in which he asks it. After World War II, America was  experiencing incredible prosperity. But underlying this prosperity was the fear of depression. The  Great Depression was still fresh in the collective consciousness, and the average man’s faith that  capitalism would bring about efficiency and full employment was shaken. And yet, as the years  after the war progressed, things were stable and employment was plentiful. It is also important to  note that the era of non-depression Keynesianism was beginning, and much to the chagrin of the  business community, government was becoming a much more participatory force in markets. The business community was reacting violently against this expansion of government, claiming  that it was a complete disaster, wasteful to the very extreme and bound to cripple growth. The  state of the American economy in the 1950’s then was that of big government, near-ubiquitous  monopoly or oligopoly, and an underlying fear of depression. Yet, by almost any measure, the  economy was a success. The problem, according to Galbraith, was that, â€Å"in principle, the economy pleased no  one; in practice it satisfied most. Social inefficiency [government spending], unrationalized  power [monopoly and oligopoly], intrusive government [regulation], and depression were all  matters for deep concern. But neither liberal nor conservatives, neither the rich nor all but the  very poor, found the consequences intolerable† (Galbraith, 1954, p. 85). What fascinated  Galbraith was how an economy which was so flawed in theory could work so well in practice. The question he asked was: Why are things so†¦well†¦good? Thus, he states that his aim in  American Capitalism is to â€Å"examine in turn the circumstances that have kept social inefficiency,  private power, government intervention, and unemployment from ruining us in the recent  present† (Galbraith, 1954, p. 85). The first answer that he gives is that oligopoly is much more conducive to techonological  innovation than classical competetion. â€Å"There is no more pleasant fiction than that technical  change is the product of the matchless ingenuity of the small man forced by competition to  employ his wits to better his neighbor. Unhappily, it is a fiction,† he says. â€Å"Technical  development has long since become the preserve of the scientist and engineer† (Galbraith, 1954,  p.86). His argument is that due to the costliness of development, it can only be undertaken by a  firm with considerable resources. In highly competitive industries, no one firm has considerable  resources. Moreover, because innovations can easily be imitated, it is not economical for a small  competitive firm to bear the research and development costs for an entire industry. Galbraith then turns his keen eye to the idea of inefficiency. He deals with this issue by  asserting that America’s relative opulence shields us and is moreover a cause of such  inefficiency. At the time that the classical economists were writing, an opulent economy had yet  to be observed. For Malthus and Ricardo, â€Å"inefficiency was, indeed, an evil thing. It denied  bread to the hungry and clothing to the naked† (Galbraith, 1954, p.102). The true power of  Galbraith’s insight is his ability to point out the obvious. He criticizes his fellow economists for  bringing the mentality of the nineteenth century, with all its poverty and degradation, to the  opulent twentieth century. Galbraith finds this error both amusing and absurd, saying, â€Å"He [the  mainstream economist] worries far too much about partially monopolized prices†¦for tobacco, liquor, automobiles, and soap, in a land which is already suffering from nicotine poisoning and   alcoholism, which is nutritionally gorged with sugar, which is filling its hospitals and cemeteries  with those who have been maimed or murdered on its highways, and which is dangerously  neurotic about body odors† (Galbraith, 1954, p.102). His point is that these inefficiencies are in  fact a sign of the wealth of America. They are the symptom of a wealthy economy, and thus we  ought not to worry so much about them. He also discredits the idea of intrusive government,  noting that, â€Å"alarm over pending action by government on economic matters, which frequently  reaches almost pathological proportions when the decision is pending, almost invariably  evaporates completely once the action is taken. One of the profound sources of American  strength has been the margin of error provided by our well-being† (Galbraith, 1954, p.106). But the most significant reason that monopoly has failed to capsize the American  economy, according to Galbraith is the exercise of what he calls countervailing power. The  assumption always made by economists, when they would consider the case of markets, was that  the check on an individual firm’s power wold come from the supply side of the industry. Galbraith disagrees. He admits that the existence of monopoly power in a competitive market  does in fact encourage the entry of more producers to appropriate some of that power for  themselves. â€Å"In other words,† he says. â€Å"Competition was regarded [and is] a self-generating  regulatory force† (Galbraith, 1954, p. 112). But in a market that is not competitive, the incentive for some economic agent to  approptiate that power still exists. But it need not come from the supply side. That power is, in  practice, usually appropriated by strong buyers or coalitions of buyers, who can sometimes take  even more than their share. Because of the tendency of power to be organized in response to  existing power, â€Å"countervailing power is also a self-generating force† (Galbraith, 1954, p. 113). According to Galbraith, it is the large retailers who, by way of their absolute power over  manufacturers, bargain for the consumer and protect the consumer from the high monopoly  prices that would otherwise result. Likewise, the considerable market power of large firms is  checked by trade unions for a simple reason, there is something to be bargained for Galbraith  notes that trade unions are most powerful in the least competitive industries. This is because the  surplus that a company derives from monopoly power acts as an incentive to unions. In the very  competitive industries, producers and workers are operating at bare minimum profit and the  incentives to organization insignificant. These are the basic ideas laid out in American Capitalism. The book in many ways lays  the framework and tone for the books he would publish in the sixties and seventies. But while  American Capitalism was Galbraith’s first major bestseller, it was The Affluent Society that  skyrocketed him to fame. The Affluent Society builds on many of the concepts introduced in his  first book, but with several key differences. Though Galbraith could not suppress his urge to  social commentary, The Affluent Society is a much more prescriptive book, growing out of his  chapter on technical development in American Capitalism. To his original analysis he adds a  significantly moral component. The Affluent Society concerns itself with the policies that ought  to be undertaken once the basic needs of the people have been met. Galbraith’s main argument is  that our ratio of private good (cars, televisions, automobiles) to public goods (schools, roads) is  inequitable an d ridiculous. The premise of his argument is that once our basic desires such as  food, clothing, and shelter have been satisfied, large corporations employ advertising to concoct  new demand for products. The traditional economic and utilitarian argument for goods qua  goods falls on its face if consumer demand is not sovereign. What is really necessary is the use  of society’s productive resources in the public realm in juxtaposition with growth in the private  realm. He calls this idea â€Å"social balance,† saying, â€Å"the problem of social balance is ubiquitous,  and frequently it is obtrusive. As noted, an increase in the consumption of automobiles requires a  facilitating supply of streets, highways, traffic control, and parking spaces† (Galbraith, 1958, p.  193). He also confronts the existence of poverty in an affluent society as being the result of  outdated nineteenth century attitudes. â€Å"A poor society,† he says,  "had to enforce the rule that  someone who did not work could not eat. An affluent society has no similar excuse for such  rigor† (Galbraith, 1958, p. 251). But he admits that, â€Å"nothing requires such a society to be  compassionate. But it no longer has a high philosophical justification for its callousness†Ã‚  (Galbraith, 1958, p. 251). In the 50’s, America was in the midst of the cold war and attempts at engineering a better  society were very suspect. Galbraith throughout The Affluent Society understands the inherent  and ideological opposition to big government and social policy, but he is adamant in stating,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"that cities’ residents should have a nontoxic supply of air suggests no revolutionary dalliance with socialism† (Galbraith, 1958, p. 191). In fact, Galbraith eventually finds socialism and central planning to be in many ways  similar to the kind of capitalism that developed in America in the latter half of the 20th century. 9 In The New Industral State, Galbraith focuses his effort on understanding what he calls the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"technostructure.† In an era when the division of intellectual labor is so overwhelming, the  management or even management team of a powerful corporation doesn’t actually make most of  the decisions. The decisions are instead made collectively by teams of experts. Galbraith coins  the term technostructure as, â€Å"embracing all who bring specialized knowledge, talent or  experience to group decision-making. This,† he says, â€Å"not the management, is the guiding  intelligence, the brain, of the enterprise† (Galbraith, 1967, p.71). Many of Galbraith’s ideas resonate to this day. Unfortunately, most do not. It would be  tempting to end this essay optimistically, expounding poetically on the way Galbraith’s ideas  continue to influence national policy. In reality, although he was a well-respected and powerful  man, many of his ideas continue to be ignored by mainstream economists and politicians. Rarely  does one hear a contemporary economist talk about countervailing power, or reference the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"technostructure.† While as a society we owe much to Galbraith and his ideas, the discipline of  economics has for all intents and purposes laid his practical ideas by the wayside. But whether or  not his continued influence on economics is felt by the mainstream, his contribution to the  discipline remains poignant and accessible for those who choose to seek it out on their own. Galbraith’s main contribution to economic thought was his tackling of the problem of  power. He was convinced that the most glaring, most significant, and most ignored problem in  the field of economics was the effect of power on economic activity. Understanding why  Galbraith was so affixed by this idea of power is actually quite simple; he was surrounded by it. Through his political work, Galbraith knew not only Kennedy, but several other presidents and  all the most powerful officials in the democratic party. Through his work at Fortune he became  acquainted with the heads of the largest and most powerful corporations in the world. He saw,  10 clearly, the extent to which the decisions of these men (and the technostructures supporting  them) affected the direction and performance of the economy of the whole. Given that he was an  astute man, for him to ignore the influence of power on economies, in order to advance a series  of aesthetically pleasing models and equations, would have been not only unthinkable but  dishonest. Galbraith wanted badly to be useful, to â€Å"change votes,† as his father would have said. To him, sitting in a room concocting theories did not qualify as usefulness. He longed to be in  the thick of policy-making. Later in life, he wanted badly to avoid what he called â€Å"Belmont Syndrome†1 Thus, his struggle to be relevant was not only ideological but moral. John Kenneth Galbraith died peacefully at home in 2006. He left behind not only an  extensive body of economic work, but two novels. His first novel, The Triumph, written in 1969,  was about U.S. foreign policy disasters in Latin America. His second novel, A Tenured  Professor, written in 1990, was about an eccentric Harvard professor, and lampooned the elite  institution. He lived ninety-seven years, almost all of them (excepting the first few) were  preoccupied with upending the â€Å"conventional wisdom.† He remains one of the most famous and  controversial economists of the twentieth century, and a fine novelist.